I. Principles of Reason
1) The Principle of Complete Explanation (Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle) The best opinion or theory is the one that explains the most
data.
2) The Principle of Noncontradiction (Plato and Aristotle) Valid opinions or theories have no internal contradictions
3) The Principle of Objective Evidence (Plato and Aristotle)
Nonarbitrary opinions or theories are based upon publicly verifiable
evidence
II. Principles of Ethics
4) The Principle of
Nonmaleficence (Jesus, Moses, and worldwide religious traditions) Aviod
unnecessary harms; if a harm is unavoidable, minimize it. Silver Rule:
Do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you.
5) The Principle of Consistent Ends and Means (Saint Augustine) The end does not justify the means.
6) The Principle of Full Human Potential (Las Casas) Every human being
(or group of human beings) deserves to be valued according to the full
level of human development, not according to the level of development
currently achieved.
III. Principles of Justice and Natural Rights
7) The Principle of Natural Rights (Suarez, Locke, Jefferson, and
Paine) All human beings possess in themselves (by virtue of their
existence alone) the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and property
ownership; no government gives these rights, and no government can take
them away.
8) The Principle of the Fundamentality of Rights
(Suarez, Locke, and Jefferson) The more fundamental right is the one
which is necessary for the possibility of the other; where there is
conflict, we should resolve in favor of the more fundamental right.
9) The Principle of the Limits to Freedom (Locke and Montesquieu) One
person’s (or group’s) freedoms cannot impose undue burdens upon other
persons (or groups).
IV. Fundamental Principle of Identity and Culture
10) The Principle of Beneficence (Jesus) Aim at optimal contribution to
others and society. The Golden Rule: Do unto others as you would have
them do unto you.
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